The Short Answer
MIL-STD-464 defines electromagnetic environmental effects (E3) requirements at the level of a complete system or platform, an aircraft, vessel or vehicle, rather than a single box. Where MIL-STD-461 qualifies a piece of equipment, MIL-STD-464 makes sure all the equipment, antennas and structure coexist and survive the wider electromagnetic environment.
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Intra-system EMC Subsystems must not interfere with one another.
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Lightning & EMP Survivability against high-energy electromagnetic events.
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ESD Electrostatic discharge during handling and operation.
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Bonding & grounding Controlled paths so the platform behaves as one electrical system.
Why It Matters
For a computer being integrated into a platform, MIL-STD-461 compliance is what supports the platform-level MIL-STD-464 case. The two work together: equipment-level control feeding the system-level requirement.
See our overview of U.S. military standards (MIL-STDs) for how this fits alongside the others.